ABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To investigate the association between oral contraceptive use and cardiovascular risks, including metabolic syndrome and their components in Brazilian adolescents. Method: This study used data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes - ERICA), a nationwide, cross-sectional, school-based study with individuals aged 12-17 years. Sociodemographic variables and OC use were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. International Diabetes Federation criteria were used to define metabolic syndrome. Descriptive statistics were reported as prevalence and their respective confidence interval of 95% of oral contraceptives according to variables. Logistic regression was performed. Crude and adjusted odds ratios were calculated. Results: This subsample was composed of 22,682 female adolescents, of which 12.65% reported using oral contraceptives and their use was associated with hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia. These associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for age, school region, race, and tobacco use with an increase of 2.68 (1.66 - 4.32) and 3.45 (2.56 - 4.65) times, respectively. Conclusion: The present study was the first to examine the association between the use of oral contraceptives and cardiovascular risk factors among the largest number of female Brazilian adolescents. This method was significantly associated with hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia. Teenagers using oral contraceptives should be monitored for side effects, including blood pressure measurements and advised to avoid smoking.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child , Adolescent , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Contraceptives, Oral/adverse effects , Heart Disease Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Abstract Objective: To estimate the mean age at menarche and its association with nutritional status in Brazilian adolescents. Methods: The study sample included female adolescents aged 12-17 who participated in a multicenter, school-based, country-wide, cross-sectional study entitled The Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes [ERICA]). Mean and median ages at menarche in Brazil were estimated. The association of age at menarche with sociodemographic data and nutritional status were described as means and their respective 95% confidence intervals. Survival analysis was used to assess the age at menarche according to nutritional status categories and the log-rank test was used to compare the medians. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Cox regression to verify the association between menarche and other variables. Results: A total of 73,624 students were evaluated, comprising 40,803 girls, of whom 37,390 reported menarche at a mean age of 11.71 years and a median of 12.41 years. Median age at menarche was lower in overweight and obese girls (p < 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that excess weight (HR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.21-1.36; p < 0.001) and studying in a private school (HR = 1.06; 95% CI 1.02-1.10; p = 0.003) were associated with menarche. Conclusions: This is a pioneering study in Brazil with national and regional representativeness to estimate the mean and the median age of occurrence of menarche. Adolescents with excess weight had an earlier menarche than their peers, even after adjustment for confounding factors.
Resumo Objetivo: Estimar a média de idade de ocorrência da menarca e sua associação com o estado nutricional em adolescentes brasileiras. Métodos: Foram avaliados dados de meninas com 12 a 17 anos a partir de um estudo seccional de base escolar, com representatividade nacional e macrorregional, o ERICA (Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes). Foram estimadas média e mediana de idade de ocorrência da menarca no Brasil, pelo método recordatório. A associação da idade da menarca com dados sociodemográficos e estado nutricional foi descrita como médias e seus respectivos IC95%. Análise de sobrevida foi utilizada para explorar a idade da menarca segundo categorias de estado nutricional e teste logrank foi utilizado para comparação das medianas. Análises bivariada e multivariada foram realizadas por meio da regressão de Cox para verificar a associação entre menarca e demais variáveis. Resultados: Foram avaliados 73.624 estudantes, 40.803 meninas, das quais 37.390 referiram ter apresentado menarca, sendo a média da idade de ocorrência de 11,71 anos e a mediana de 12,41 anos. As medianas da idade de ocorrência da menarca foram menores naquelas com sobrepeso e obesidade (p < 0,001). A análise multivariada evidenciou que excesso de peso (HR = 1,28, IC95% 1,21-1,36, p < 0,001) e estudar em escola privada (HR = 1,06, IC95% 1,02-1,10, p = 0,003) estão associados à menarca. Conclusões: Este foi o primeiro estudo brasileiro com representatividade nacional a estimar a média de idade de ocorrência da menarca. As adolescentes com excesso de peso apresentaram menarca em idade inferior às demais, mesmo após ajuste.Full English text available from: www.revespcardiol.org/en